Changes in workload are evident during many physical activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of order of exercise intensity on metabolic responses in nonathlete female students during exercise of mixed intensity. The females volunteered to serve as subjects for the study. Each subject completed a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test and two submaximal exercises of mixed intensity on three separate laboratory visits. During each submaximal exercise trial, subjects performed a 15-min (high intensity) exercise at 70% (VO2max) that was followed by another 15- min exercise at 50% (VO2max) (H/L), or a 15- min exercise at 50% (VO2max) that was followed by another 15-min exercise at 70% (VO2max) (L/H). Metabolic variables were measured every 5 min throughout exercise and for one hour during recovery period by gas analyzer. Fat oxidation was higher (P < 0.05) both at the entire trial and recovery period in H/L than in L/H. Carbohydrate oxidation was higher (P = 0.035) at the entire trial in L/H than in H/L. There was no difference in energy expenditure between the two trials.      

Background: Primary dysmenorrhoea without any specific pelvic disease is one of the common complaints in women`s medicine. The general purpose of this research is to define the effects of 12-week aquatic exercises on nonathletic girls’ primary dysmenorrhoea.Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental was conducted on 40 nonathletic girls aged 18-25 years. Data gathering tools were: Evaluation form of primary dysmenorrhoea and the pain evaluation tool based on the McGill standard pain questionnaire completed before and after the intervention in 3 months (first, second, and third run). Then, 20 subjects were assigned to aquatic exercise group and the other 20 to control group. The subjects in experimental group did aquatic exercise for three sessions a week for 60 minutes for 12 weeks between two menstruations. Kruskal-Wallis and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used to analyze the data.Results: The results of this research indicated that severity and duration of pain decreased after 12 weeks of aquatic exercises. Comparison of the two groups showed a significant difference in pain intensity based on visual analogue scale (VAS) scale after these exercises (first, second, and third runs). Present pain intensity (PPI) scale after these exercises (second and third runs) showed a significant difference. Comparison of the two groups showed a significant difference in length of pain after these exercises (third run).Conclusions: Totally, the findings of the present study showed that 12-week regular aquatic exercises are effective on decrease of the severity of the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhoea.

Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea is usually one of the most common complaints of women in childbearing age that affects their quality of life and their social activity. Various methods have been mentioned to control and treat dysmenorrhea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the wheat germ extract intake and flexibility exercises on primary dysmenorrhea in non-athlete female students. Materials and Methods: This study is a randomized clinical trial in four groups including intervention groups (wheat germ, flexibility exercises, flexibility exercises with wheat germ) and control group with participating of 80 non-athlete female students from Shahrood University of Technology (shahrood, Iran). The training group participated in an 8-week flexibility-training program including abdominal, back, thigh and hamstring muscles stretching. They performed eight exercise four days a week for 8 weeks and each exercise included three repetitions lasting for 10 seconds. The wheat germ group consumed two 500 mg capsules of wheat germ daily from day 16 of the menstrual cycle until 5 days after the onset of menstruation for two consecutive months. The exercise group participated in both the flexibility exercise program and received a wheat germ supplement. While there was no intervention in the control group, they completed the menstrual disorders questionnaire only at the beginning and end of the work. Results: : Significant decrease was foynd in the mean systemic symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea in the wheat germ group from 16. 10 to 8. 55, in the exercise group from 14. 20 to 7. 55 and in the exercise group with wheat germ from 14. 7 to 8. 40. Pain intensity dysmenorrhea was decreased in the wheat germ group from 2. 60 to 1. 65, from 2. 35 to 1. 40 in the exercise group, and from from 2. 45 to 1. 50 after in the combind group. The severity of primary systemic symptoms and VAS for pain decreased in all intervention groups as compred with before intervention condition except the control group (p <0. 05). Conclusion: : The results of the present study indicate the positive and similar effects of the wheat germ extract, flexibility exercises and flexibility exercises with wheat germ extract on systemic symptoms and pain intensity of primary dysmenorrhea.

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of eight weeks aerobic and anaerobic trainings on estrogen and LH hormones and %fat of nonathlete female students of shahid Chamran University. 30 nonathlete female students from different colleges aged 18-25 was voluntarily selected and were randomly divided into aerobic, anaerobic and control groups. The effect of 8 weeks aerobic and an aerobic trainings on a number of factors such as estrogen, LH hormones and %fat were evaluated. Hormones were measured by hormonemetric laboratory of AHWAZ Golestan Hospital. Before conducting training, %fat by using Skinfold Callper and other relevant factors were measured. After 8 weeks of aerobic trainings at the pulse %65-%75 of max heart rate and anaerobic training at the pulse %80-%90 of max heart rate the needed measurements were again taken.The research showed that both aerobic and anaerobic training resulted in a significant incensement in estrogen (PS0.001) in which the increase was more in aerobic group. There was no significant difference among LH hormones of different groups (P≥0.278) But the amount of LH increased more in training groups. Although the %fat of aerobic group reduced more in comparison with anaerobic and control groups, but there was no significant difference among them (P≥0.127). No significant correlation was found between estrogen and %fat changes of all different groups.Findings of this study revealed that training, especially aerobic training can positively affect estrogen, LH hormones and reducing %fat.

Introduction: The intensity of the strength training at the start for preventing muscle damage, inflammation and intrinsic antioxidant is not well defined. Intrestingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of maximal and sub-maximal resistance exercise on muscle damage, inflammation and intrinsic antioxidant in non-athlete men. Materials and Methods: Nineteen young untrained men [(age (years): 20. 16 ± 1. 21 years, height (cm): 178. 21 ± 1. 75, weight(kg): 65. 74 ± 1. 37] completed 3sets, 15 repetitions, resistance exercise with two maximal and submaximal intensities with 3 minutes' intervals. Blood samples were obtained at pre-exercise, immediately, 2h, 24h, 48h and 72h after exercise. Correspondingly, blood samples were analyzed for creatin kinase (CK), total leucocytes and uric acid (UA). Results: CK increased significantly 48h and 72h after both resistance training intensities compared to base values. The increase of this enzyme was significantly higher 72h after maximal intensity resistance training compared to submaximal intensity. Considerably, leuckocyte increased significantly 24h, 48h and 72h after both resistance training intensitis compared to base values, but it was significantly decreased 2h after both intensity resistance training compared to before and immediately after exercise. Uric acid increased significantly 2h, 24h and 72h after high resistance training intensity and 2h, 48h and 72h after submaximal resistance training intensity compared to base values. Whereas it was significantly decreased 48h after maximal intensity compare to submaximal intensity (P<0. 05). Conclusion: It is recommended that untrained individuals and trainer start resistance training with submaximal intensity for preventing muscular damage and maintaining health.

Background and Purpose: According to the World Health Organization report, mental disorders are among the major causes of disabilities worldwide, which can decrease the success rate of educational progress in students and prevent their further achievements. Physicians believe that physical fitness is a suitable field to access good mental status. This study intended to compare the mental health of athlete and non-athlete students.Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional study involved 74 university students who were randomly selected. The Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 28) and Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire were used for data collection.Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) as well as the independent t-test in SPSS.13.Results: The total prevalence of mental disorders was 61.76%; but it was 9.4% among athlete students and 30.2 among nonathletes; the observed difference was significant (p<0.001).Conclusion: Athlete students enjoy a better mental health status than non- athletes do.

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the validity, reliability and factor structure of the "How I Think" questionnaire to assess cognitive distortions in Iranian students. The present research design is descriptive and psychometric studies. The statistical population of this study included all male high school students in city Dezful in the academic year 1399-1400, from which 316 students were selected by multi-stage random sampling and completed the How I think and Bass and Perry Aggression Questionnaires (for Convergent validity). Factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data using SPSS and AMOS 20 software. The results of factor analysis showed that the questionnaire consists of six factors and has good fit indices. The convergent validity of this questionnaire indicated a satisfactory correlation between the dimensions of the scale "How I think" with the Aggression Questionnaire (p <0.01). Cronbach's alpha and Split- half coefficients for the whole scale and its dimensions ranged from 0.66 to 0.92.The conclusion is that the Persian version of the "How do I think" questionnaire for measuring cognitive distortions in Iranian students has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used as a valid tool in research, educational and clinical situations.

The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is one of the most widely used personality questionnaires, but very few studies have been conducted on its psychometric properties in Iranian population. This study was carried out with the aim of studying the psychometric properties of the BFI questionnaire. For this purpose, 390 university students in Tehran (210 girls and 180 boys) with an age range of 18 to 56 years (M = 27.52; SD = 8.79) were selected using the convenience sampling method and completed BFI and NEO-FFI questionnaires. Cronbach's alpha, multitrait-multimethod matrix, and confirmatory factor analysis were used to estimate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. The result of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that 15 of the 44 items did not have a strong factor loading (higher than 0.40) on the corresponding factors and were therefore removed from the questionnaire. The fit indices showed that the Persian version of 29 questions (BFI-29) with 5 factors has a good fit with the data. The reliability analysis also showed that the range of Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the factors is from 0.70 to 0.79. The lowest Cronbach's alpha coefficient was related to agreeableness factor and the highest was related to conscientiousness. The findings from the multitrait-multimethod matrix showed that the BFI-29 questionnaire has good convergent and divergent validity with the NEO-FFI questionnaire. In general, based on the results of the present study, it can be said that the BFI-29 questionnaire has desirable psychometric properties and whenever a short tool for personality measurement is needed, this questionnaire can be used.